Edited by: Zahid Akhtar, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, United States
Reviewed by: Anas Khan, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia; Dazhuang Li, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, China
This article was submitted to Occupational Health and Safety, a section of the journal Frontiers in Public Health
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Public health emergencies refer to emergencies caused by various factors that may cause serious harm to society. This paper mainly discusses how to establish an emergency reserve mechanism for public health emergencies. This paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation system for emergency response capabilities based on analytical methods, and analyzes the emergency response to public health emergencies and various functional management departments. The experimental results show that the implementation rate of disease prevention and control projects in the city center is 59.3%, and the average completion rate of inspection projects by district and county health supervision agencies is 45.8%. However, these achievements are far from enough. Therefore, the training of relevant personnel should be strengthened and run through the material reserve work from beginning to end. At the same time, an emergency material reserve system should be established. According to actual needs, timely provide emergency disposal materials to ensure normal supply. In response to the current public health emergencies, multiple departments and units should further strengthen management personnel allocation and optimize work processes to promote the development of public health.
香京julia种子在线播放
Public health emergencies refer to the hazards to public health caused by the outbreak of major infectious diseases, mass diseases of unknown causes, major food, occupational poisoning and other situations that endanger public health. Broadly speaking, it refers to the outbreak of major infectious diseases, infectious diseases of unknown causes, new infectious diseases, mass reactions of vaccines, mass drug reactions, major food poisoning, major environmental pollution, acute occupational poisoning, radiation pollution, radiation accidents, biological, chemical, nuclear radiation, major animal infectious diseases, natural disasters, accidents, public security and other emergencies. It has the characteristics of sudden, unexpected, mass, public, high-frequency, diversified, international, comprehensive, systematic, etc. It has the characteristics of multi disaster, disastrous and destructive. The sudden public health events not only endanger the public's physical and life safety, but also may cause psychological panic, even cause social chaos, economic recession, and threaten national security. The emergency response mechanism for public health emergencies of the CDC cannot be completed overnight, but is a long process. In the process of establishing the emergency system, it is necessary to conduct timely research and evaluation to understand the current situation and existing problems, and formulate corresponding countermeasures according to these problems to ensure the effectiveness of the system construction and operation, so as to effectively improve the work efficiency. This article discusses how to build the reserve mechanism of emergency disposal materials and the best management mode of each functional department in public health emergencies, with a view to making certain contributions to public health emergencies.
According to the existing research progress, different researchers have also conducted corresponding cooperative research on public health events. Li et al. (
Some scholars also have some research on emergency response. Rose et al. (
This paper drew the following conclusions by studying and analyzing the optimization experiment results of public health emergency response and management of various functional departments. In order to deal with public health emergencies, effective measures should be taken to strengthen the management of relevant personnel. The regular material preparation system was established. According to actual needs, sufficient emergency disposal materials were arranged to ensure their normal supply.
The innovations of this paper are as follows: (1) The emergency handling material reserve process is explained, and the comprehensive evaluation method of emergency response capability based on the analytic hierarchy process is proposed. (2) The emergency response of public health events and the optimization of the management of various functional departments are experimentally analyzed.
The reserve of emergency handling materials for public emergencies refers to the reserve requirements for various emergency handling materials and equipment required to prevent and control public emergencies or disasters, including tents, folding beds, disinfection cabinets, sanitary toilets, emergency vehicles and other emergency handling materials. The preparation and implementation of the reserve plan for emergency materials shall include the types, quantities and storage methods of materials required. The types of emergency materials include: general protective articles, equipment and equipment, emergency equipment and materials, medical equipment, other living articles and other urgently needed items.
First of all, governments at all levels should establish an effective emergency materials reserve mechanism to effectively implement the emergency materials management system and achieve full coverage of emergency materials reserve for public health emergencies. At the same time, it has formed a complete and efficient management system (
Full coverage of emergency materials reserve.
A sound emergency disposal material reserve system has been established. Relevant systems have been developed according to relevant requirements, and organizational leadership has been strengthened. A leading group consisting of the Municipal Health Commission, the Municipal Bureau of Commerce, the Municipal Big Data Bureau and other member units is established, and a regular meeting system is established to study and solve the problems in the emergency response reserve work. The organization and leadership system has been established and improved, and the public health emergencies, response processes and standards have been clarified. The responsibility is implemented, and the linkage mechanism of various departments is established to form the leadership system and working mechanism for responding to public health emergencies. The supervision and inspection of the medical protection material reserve is carried out regularly. The inspection results are included in the scope of responsibility assessment for the year-end objectives of the unit, forming a supervision and restraint mechanism, which can promote the relevant departments to effectively carry out the management of medical protection material reserves within their responsibilities. Work meetings are held regularly to study and deploy relevant work.
The evaluation of emergency response capability is the basic evaluation of the emergency management system. It is a comprehensive evaluation of the possible disaster accidents, natural disasters and other natural disasters when emergencies occur. It also is a strategic decision that the country should make in response to emergencies in emergency management.
Calculation of index weight: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is adopted, and the influence degree of each index is divided into multiple levels to determine its interdependence. Considering the operability of the actual evaluation, a hierarchical index system is established. On this basis, the evaluation matrix is established by evaluating the relationship between the indicators, and the weight of each indicator is calculated according to the following formulas.
In the above formulas,
Consistency test and overall consistency test are conducted for the acceptability of index weight coefficients. The consistency ratio (CR) is less than 0.1, and the consistency is relatively satisfactory.
The consistency index (CI) is calculated as follows:
In the above formulas,
The random consistency ratio CR is calculated as follows:
RI is a random index of the decision matrix.
In order to prevent the accumulation of minor inconsistencies from causing serious inconsistencies, it is also necessary to combine the consistency check with the overall consistency check. Let the consistency ratio of the first level judgment matrix be
In the above formula,
The formula for calculating the overall consistency ratio is:
The evaluation score of emergency response capability for public health emergencies is a comprehensive evaluation of the emergency response capability of medical institutions, and its comprehensive evaluation score reflects the response capability of medical institutions during this period (
Application of analytic hierarchy process in public health emergencies.
On this basis, the weighted linear method is used to calculate the product of the weight of each index and the measurement results, and the comprehensive evaluation index is obtained. The formula is as follows:
In the formula,
AHP method is used to establish the evaluation index system of emergency response capability. Through careful analysis of the indicators, and according to the actual situation, the subordination of each indicator is determined, and the correlation of each indicator element is noted to meet the attribute requirements of the upper level indicators. AHP method is used to study the evaluation index of emergency response capability, which fully reflects the idea of combining qualitative and quantitative methods in system theory.
The establishment of material reserve mechanism for handling public health emergencies is the first step to ensure epidemic prevention and control. On the one hand, it is necessary to ensure national unity and centralized and unified command of authority. In the face of public health emergencies, the state should adopt a unified allocation model. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish a set of systems to plan, coordinate and manage the governments at all levels from the national level. The government and market entities shall specify the responsible subjects for providing material support after public health emergencies. At the same time, it should be made clear that the state should organize and carry out corresponding emergency response work immediately after the public health emergency. The establishment and management process of emergency response material reserve mechanism can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of all departments in dealing with public health emergencies (
Disease prevention and control institutions in M City have corresponding emergency response and technical plans, including the overall plan and six special plans, totaling 87. Among the emergency plans formulated in the city, 38 are the emergency plans for public health emergencies caused by infectious diseases. Twenty are the emergency plans for poisoning events. Twelve are the emergency plans for other types of public health emergencies. There are seven overall plans, six emergencies, three terrorist events, and one natural disaster. As shown in
Plan formulation of disease prevention and control institutions in M City.
(1) Establishment of health emergency team
As of the end of 2018, there are 207 medical emergency teams in M City CDC. Among them, there are 16 emergency infectious disease prevention and control teams with 119 people. There are 10 disposal teams of 58 people for poisoning emergencies. There are 4 medical emergency teams with 30 people for nuclear radiation emergencies. Among them, there are 46 people from 4 departments of the municipal CDC and 161 people from district/county CDC. There are 14 emergency response teams for sudden acute infectious diseases, 9 emergency response teams for sudden poisoning, and 3 emergency response teams for nuclear and radiation. It can be seen that the construction of the emergency response team is dominated by sudden acute infectious diseases and sudden poisoning accidents, and there is a lack of attention to the emergency response work of nuclear and radiation accidents. As shown in
Establishment of health emergency response team of disease control institutions in M City.
(2) Age distribution
The health emergency workers of the CDC in M City are mainly concentrated in people aged 40~50, accounting for 52.17%. The population aged 30–40 years accounts for 30.44%. The proportion of people under 30 years old is 12.08%. 5.13% are over 50 years old. Among them, 14.91% are under 30 in district/county disease control units. The population aged 30–40 years accounts for 32.92%. The population aged 40–50 years accounts for 49.07%. The population aged over 50 accounts for 3.1%, as shown in
Age of health emergency personnel in disease control institutions in M City.
| Under 30 | Number of people | 1 | 24 | 25 |
| Proportion | 2.17% | 14.91% | 12.08% | |
| 30–40 | Number of people | 10 | 53 | 63 |
| Proportion | 21.74% | 32.92% | 30.44% | |
| 40–50 | Number of people | 29 | 79 | 108 |
| Proportion | 63.05% | 49.07% | 52.17% | |
| Over 50 | Number of people | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| Proportion | 13.04% | 3.1% | 5.31% |
The main source of emergency funds is local government funds. Emergency funds are mainly used for emergency disposal (investigation, disposal and inspection of emergencies), as well as storage of emergency materials (including antibacterial drugs, protective equipment, field equipment, communication equipment, etc.), and daily emergencies (training, drilling, and preparation of plans).
Among the eight centers for disease control and prevention, only the municipal centers for disease control and the four centers A, D, E, and H have included medical emergency funds and medical emergency reserve funds in their annual budgets every year. From 2016 to 2018, the daily funds of the CDC in the city are 1,00,000, 1,80,000, and 2,10,000 yuan, and the emergency reserves are 50,000, 80,000, and 1,10,000 yuan. The funds of district and county disease control departments are 3,00,000 yuan, 1.025 million yuan, 1.19 million yuan, and the emergency reserves are 1,70,000 yuan, 2,00,000 yuan, and 2,60,000 yuan, showing an increasing trend year by year. According to the survey results, the expenditure amount of each department is compared. Most of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have included the emergency fund in their financial budgets. They believe that the current emergency disposal costs simply cannot meet the needs of actual work. Only a few people feel that this is just a barely able to adapt to the requirements of work. As shown in
Emergency funds of disease control institutions in M City from 2008 to 2010.
It can be seen from
Work items that must be carried out by disease control institutions in M City.
It can be seen from
Work items to be carried out by disease control institutions in M City according to regional characteristics and needs.
It can be seen from
Recommended demand for health emergency system construction of disease control institutions in M City.
| Strengthen the construction of health emergency organization and establish a full-time emergency office | 9 |
| Increase staffing and set up full-time health emergency management personnel | 9 |
| Unify equipment allocation standards and strengthen team and equipment construction | 8 |
| Set up special emergency funds for special purpose | 9 |
| Establish emergency reserve mechanism | 7 |
| Coordinate the government to establish operational emergency rules and regulations | 4 |
| Improve the treatment of health emergency team members and implement risk assurance | 4 |
| Improve plan construction | 3 |
Effective measures should also be taken to strengthen the management of relevant personnel in response to public health emergencies. First of all, a high-quality management team should be established. At present, many government departments and enterprises have different levels in the reserve management of emergency materials. In the process of formulating the reserve plan for emergency materials, it has not been implemented in strict accordance with the requirements of the provisions on the management of emergency materials. There are unscientific phenomena in the preparation of the reserve material plan. The emergency materials reserve plan blindly reserves materials without actual operation and use. Secondly, in the process of material storage, if the materials needed for some emergencies are not in place in time for handling, the emergency handling material storage plan cannot complete the actual consumption and disposal as required, affecting the normal production order. Therefore, the training of relevant personnel should be strengthened and run through the whole material reserve work.
A normalized material reserve mechanism is established to provide sufficient emergency materials according to the actual situation and ensure their normal supply. At the same time, corresponding work processes should be developed to sort out and optimize each link to ensure the orderly and effective operation of the whole process, so as to avoid excessive dispersion and waste. All departments should coordinate and cooperate with each other, and strengthen publicity and education, which gives full play to the role of public participation. The establishment of a scientific and effective mechanism to deal with public health emergencies is one of the important guarantees for doing all work well. For the problems and weak links exposed in the daily work of many departments and units in public health emergencies, it is also necessary to strengthen the allocation of managers and the optimization of work processes in these departments, so as to better promote the development of public health.
A long-term mechanism for emergency materials management should be established. At ordinary times, relevant materials shall be stored according to the needs and relevant standards. The implementation of material reserve has been checked regularly to find problems and report them in time. It is also necessary to do a good job in the delivery and management of emergency materials. Emergency materials shall be allocated and used by all functional departments. In the process of responding to public health emergencies, it is not only necessary to ensure the adequate supply of materials, but also to timely and accurately convey information to everyone, which ensures the timely distribution of materials in place to maximize their role. This must be fully considered, accurately designed and reasonably allocated to ensure the efficiency, safety and fair use of resources. After the establishment of emergency disposal donation warehouse, the management method for emergency disposal donation materials should be established and improved as soon as possible to clarify the division of responsibilities and operating procedures of all parties, and ensure the quality, safety and effectiveness of emergency disposal materials. At the same time, system documents such as operating procedures for the use of donated materials for emergency disposal and acceptance management measures should be developed and improved. The use process and relevant regulations of donated funds and materials shall be clarified, and the use specifications, management requirements and principles of donated funds and materials shall be clarified. At the same time, the management of donated money and materials has been strengthened to effectively improve the use efficiency of donated money and materials. However, due to the limitations of time and technology, this article did not elaborate on the problems encountered in the emergency response to public health emergencies, which would be further analyzed later.
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
YS: writing—original draft preparation, editing data curation, and supervision.
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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